What is Colposcopy?

Colposcopy is a procedure which is performed to examine the woman’s cervix, vagina and vulva closely. If the doctor observes any problem during colposcopy, a sample of the tissue called biopsy sample will be taken from the cervix or endocervical canal to examine the tissue further under the microscope for confirming the diagnosis.

Colposcopy, sometimes referred to as colposcopy surgery, helps the health care provider to look at the abnormal cells in the cervix with the help of a special magnifying microscope called a colposcope.

Why is it done?

Colposcopy is mostly recommended by the doctor if the results obtained from the cervical cancer screening tests (like Pap test, HPV test) are abnormal.

How is Colposcopy performed?

• The procedure is carried out in a special outpatient clinic by a colposcopist or a gynecologist.
• The patient should lie flat on an operation table or couch with the feet raised and supported by foot rests.
• The doctor will then insert a special lubricated tool called speculum into the vagina. The speculum helps to gently spread the vaginal walls and hold it to look inside the vagina at the cervix.
• The doctor then moves the colposcope to see the internal environment of the vagina and cervix through the microscope.
• The microscope has a strong light to illuminate the inner space of the cervix and vagina. A small camera attached to the end of the device will help to capture and project the images of the cervix on a monitor present in the operating room.
• Acetic acid or Lugol’s solution may also be applied on the walls cervix and vagina to see the abnormal areas more clearly.

What happens during the biopsy?

If the doctor finds any abnormal tissue on the cervix or vagina, she will take a sample of the tissue called biopsy to examine thoroughly under the microscope for the determination of any cancerous growth.

There are two types of biopsies

• Vaginal biopsy : It is not much painful but the biopsy of lower portion of the vulva and vagina may cause some pain. To eliminate any discomfort, a local anesthetic will be administered to numb the area until the procedure is completed.
• Cervical biopsy : This causes slight discomfort but minimal pain. The patient may feel some pressure and slight cramping while undergoing the cervical biopsy.

To examine the sample of tissue from inside the opening of the cervix, a special test called endocervical curettage is performed. Endocervical curettage uses a special small sharp edged tool called a curette to extract the sample inside the opening of the cervix (endocervical canal). The whole procedure lasts for about 5 minutes

What to expect after the test?

• The patient may feel soreness in the vagina for 2-3 days and may have minimal bleeding or spotting, for a few days the vaginal discharge may be dark-colored.
• Use sanitary pads if you have any bleeding after the test to reduce the risk of infection.
• Inform the doctor if you have symptoms like fever, belly pain, vaginal bleeding or foul-smelling odor in vaginal discharge.
• A patient can resume to normal routine activities the day after a colposcopy.

FAQs

1. What is a colposcopy and when is it recommended?

A colposcopy is a procedure where a doctor uses a special microscope to examine the cervix closely. It is usually recommended if a Pap smear or HPV test shows abnormal results, to check for precancerous changes or cervical cancer early.

2. Is colposcopy a painful procedure?

Most patients feel little to no pain. Some may experience mild discomfort, cramping, or a pinching sensation during the procedure.

3. How long does a colposcopy take?

The procedure is usually quick, taking about 10–20 minutes. If a biopsy is needed, it may take a few extra minutes.

4. Can colposcopy detect cervical cancer early?

Yes. Colposcopy allows doctors to see abnormal areas on the cervix that may not be visible to the naked eye. Early detection helps in timely treatment and better outcomes.

5. Is colposcopy a day surgery?

Yes. It is an outpatient procedure, meaning you can go home the same day. Normal activities can usually be resumed immediately, though mild spotting may occur for a day or two.